art critics essays

craftsmanship pundits expositions Craftsmanship Critics and Art Historians utilize various styles of composing while assessing the various parts of a craftsman and their work of art. Pundits impact and administer the gathering of a work of art as far as its significance and worth, while students of history place an incentive on craftsmen and craftsmanships, proposing their significance. These restricting methodologies can be found in the abstract way of Robert Hughes and the target style of H.H Arnason. Craftsmanship Historian H.H Arnasons The History of Modern Art separate is an itemized and authentic memoir of Pablo Picasso. Arnason assesses the essentialness of Picasso corresponding to his reality, keen on following how this craftsman and his works of art have picked up status and how crowds have identified with the fine arts. He plans to find importance about Picassos fine arts through exploring and being acquainted with his history. Arnason has utilized a target composing style, maintaining a strategic distance from obstinate and one-sided word decision: Picassos father was a craftsman and workmanship instructor, and Picasso experienced childhood in a domain of craftsmanship and craftsmen. Through Arnasons record of Picassos setting the crowd can recognize how his styles and fine arts advanced, educating the peruser about the noteworthiness regarding his works of art and the aims of the craftsman. The act of Arnason gives a more profound knowledge into the associations between the craftsman and the crowd. Through this investigation the crowd can distinguish the particular timeframe which Picasso was impacted by and experienced childhood in. Conceived in Malaga, Spain he partook in most craftsmanship developments since the finish of the nineteenth Century. Arnason additionally recommends the centrality of social characteristics in molding Picassos work Picasso experienced childhood in a situation of workmanship and craftsmen. It is clear that this student of history is an admirer of Picasso, anyway the remarks he makes, for example, he himself made a large number of them (workmanship move... <!

Fall of Roman Empire free essay sample

Each greatness Empire has one day to decay and fall, however every decrease has causes and resons behind them, so we will examine a portion of the key factors that assumed significant job in the fall of once a forceful domain. The domain which was supposed to be unconquereable, and undefeatable in view of its enormous expensions and its populace just as its administration, and the key factors because of which that compelling realm needed to see its decay. Foundation and History: The start and establishment of Roman domain is a fantasy. Rome started anexing areas in the third century BC. Augustus turned into the main ruler of Roman Empire after he vanquished Cleopatra in 31 BC, sparing the Roman Empire and making Egypt its region. The rule of Agustus whose genuine name was Octavious and Augustus was the title given to him went on for a long time, period referred to as the Golden Age rome as rome has broadened its regions extremely huge. [1] During Antiquity Age or Ancient age Rome was known as the greatest Economical, Military, Social intensity of the world alongside other enormous Empires like Persia. Rome had the humanized socierty, incredible design, government structure, military, enormous region generally growing over the now a days Europe, and extraordinary force status. During its beginning times religion of rome was polytheistic which they roused from Ancient Greek dieties and by changing the names of dieties took the religion yet later Chritianity assumed control over the Rome and turned into the state religion of Rome [2]. . Subsequent to seeing the period of wonder and as the Biggest Empire of antiquated age, Era of Roman realm reached a conclusion. After its end Chritian Roman Empire came to presence. Components for the Decline of Roman Empire. Strict Factor: For each human advancement and Empire religion has been the principle factor for the ascent and fall of it. So as the case with Roman Empire religion has been considered as one of the primary Factors to which it tumbles from the brilliance. During the Ancient Ages the state religion of the Roman Empire was polytheistic, which the individuals of Rome had accepted from the Greek dieties, they changed thier name and procured it as their religion. In the Roman Empire same dieties were venerated yet under the distinctive name in various pieces of the Empire. Individuals were tolerent and accomodating towords new dieties and the strict expiriences of others. After the start and spreading of Christianity, which individuals acknowledged rapidly as the conviction of Chritianity was to beleive in one God insted of revering distinctive dieties. Christianity additionally gave the confidence in existence in the wake of death and expectation and fortitude to individuals who frantic. From the start Christianity was supressed in early ages, yet after Emperor Constantine articulated Christianity as the states religion, the new religion developed its root in the lower class of society and with time to the entire Empire. As the development of Christianity the congregation and monestry developed into power so the intensity of pope, with the decrease in the authority of the Emperor. Which is thought be one reason behind the Decline of Roman Empire. [3] Decline in Moral Values: One of the principle Reason for the fall of the Roman realm was the decrease in the virtues of the general public, particularly in the contrast between the upper rich classes, nobles and sovereigns. Improper and unathical behavoiours, for example, adultry and blow-outs rise, thus the borthel and constrained prostituation prospered. With the decrease in the ethics of the general public saw the decrease in petroitism in individuals and individuals turned out to be less alligience to the state [5]. The decrease in the ethics of the general public additionally affected the poor class and slaves in the Roman Empire and with that stretch out of the decrease in ethics in all the classes of society got one of the factor for the fall of Roman Empire. [4] Slavary: Slavary got one of the purpose behind the fall of Roman Empire. During the initial two centries of Roman Empire slavary developed drastically, and with the expansion in number of slaves caused the decrease in the ethics of the general public, morals and all the more critically in the turn of events and requirement for the new innovation. As Roman individuals depended more on the slaves and labor rather than the innovation. Because of an inappropriate and savage treatment with the slaves prompted the reballions and slave wars. In any case, with the appearance of Christianity the disposition towards slaves changed thus in the quantities of slaves declined, with the decrease of the slaves the labor on which the entire Roman Empire was dependend declined, which caused a significant blow toward the fall of Roman Empire as the tackle this emergency there was no innovation to supplant the required labor. Outer and inner Threats and Military Spendings: As the Roman Empire extended its regions quickly and vanquished a huge are, came the need to protect its outskirts and domains from attack by the Barbarians and different dangers. Furthermore, therefore countless armed force was required and an ever increasing number of officers were recruited. The individuals of the vanquished regions loathed Rome for their conquere, increasingly more duties were executed on those individuals which made them to constantly rebbel against the realm. An enormous ammount of cash was spent on the employing and preparing of troopers. The savages and the different mecenries were likewise permitted to participate in the military, which caused in the over-streching of the military and hurling spending on them. The brutes and mecenries who joined the military of Rome picked up the information on the Roman military strategies and Roman style fighting by serving the military. In the long run betrayed the Roman realm and utilized thier strategies and fighting again them to bring down the Roman Empire. [5] Failing Economy and Inflation: Economy has consistently remained the primary factor in the fall of human progress and Empire. When for reasons unknown economy is affected, so the individuals are, for the most part the low or poor class is affected in light of bomb in economy. As far with rome, rome was in the condition of persistent war to guard its over-streached region and supress the uprisings and brutes of the terrains they vanquished, Rome was constantly undermined by the chapter 11 and bombing economy [5]. Because of the overwhelming spending on the Roman military the efficiency of good in Rome declined thus the Rome turned out to be increasingly reliant over the remote items. Because of decrease in the good and moral estimations of society and individuals, breakdown the work power happened. A few and the fundamental pieces of the realms were not burdened yet the other vanquished and least significant domains were heavly burdened [6]. Political Reason: Politics is a significant and basic piece of the general public. The ascent and fall of domain broadly depends of its political structure, even religion, military, economy and goverment generally relies upon the political foundation of the general public. Courrption and failuir in the governmental issues causes the major reson in the fall of progress. For Rome its governmental issues was the indispensable piece of the Empire. The Roman Empire was Republic and was administered by the chosen counsul, the senate, and the piebian chamber, which was the well known get together of Rome [7]. The courrption in counsul, senate and piebian councile was one of the primary explanations behind the fall of Empire. The other political courrption was in the Praetorian Guards, who were the first class fighters and protectors of the heads vowed to secure the sovereign with their lives, not many in numbers however solid in power. Their debasement drove and developed to such surviving that they began to settle on when and climate the ruler ought to be dismissed or who ought to be made the following head of the Roman Empire. Open Corruption: One of the explanations behind the fall of the roman domain was the unemploment of the common laborers and the expense of the Gladiatorial game. In the event that the a great many the individuals of Roman Empire are unemloyed and they are exhausted and nothing to they would begin common agitation and roits in the road. In this way, the Roman chief diverted these individuals with free food and gladiatorial games. Rather than speanding cash for the improvement of individuals and to give work oppertunities to these individuals, an enormous aggregate of cash was spended over the games to divert these individuals, so they don't begin roiting in the road and cause common agitation, the degenerate government official utilized these games and free food to pick up the kindness and backing over the joblessness individuals, these games cost 33% of the all out salary of the entire Roman Empire. Reference: [1]. http://www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories. sp? historyid=ac58. [2]. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome. [3]. http://www. roman-colosseum. data/roman-realm/foundations for-the-fall-of-the-roman-domain. htm [4]. http://www. roman-colosseum. data/roman-realm/reasons for-the-fall-of-the-roman-domain. htm. [5]. http://www. angelfire. com/darkside/sjhscult/notes/unit1/fall_rome. htm. [6]. http://www. angelfire. com/darkside/sjhscult/notes/unit1/fall_rome. htm . [7]. http://www. enotes. com/roman-realm reference-direct/roman-domain.

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay

How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay EP 67: How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay EP 67: How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Writing a compare and contrast essay can be confusing if you dont know how to begin. In Episode 67, join Cath Anne as she breaks down the steps on how to write a compare and contrast essay, one of the most popular essay assignments. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Are you having a tough time beginning your compare and contrast essay? Let us help. Today we are going to a break down the various components of a compare and contrast essay, one of the most popular essays that you will see in college and university. Cath Anne: [00:00:20] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is the Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global. Here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Now before we jump into the content today I wanted to remind you guys that we are going live every Thursday at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Instagram. Weve been loving our Instagram lives and loving the opportunity to connect with you guys, people from all around the world. It has been super exciting. Weve been talking to people from Brazil, from Turkey, from India, here in Canada, and even in the USA. This has been such a wonderful process. And we want to keep connecting with you guys. So make sure that you join me every Thursday at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Instagram live and have a chance to have a quick chat with me. Weve been connecting with all kinds of people so make sure to join us for that. And just another little reminder before we do get started I would love if you guys could subscribe to our channel and also hit that notification bell. The notification bell is going to tell you when we upload a new content which is usually every Monday morning. So make sure that you dont miss out on any other amazing academic content to come. OK. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:02:01] So throughout your career as a student you are going to encounter all different kinds of essays. And it is important to be familiar with all the different types of essays that are out there. The compare and contrast essay is one that is very popular in high school, in university and college, and it is definitely something that you want to know how to do. In the compare and contrast essay your focus is on comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences of themes, objects, books, ideas, and theories. These types of essays help you to think critically and they allow you to do an in-depth exploration and research into a specific topic. Cath Anne: [00:02:51] Now lets begin by discussing how to recognize a compare and contrast essay. It might seem a little bit obvious but I just wanted to break it down a just in case this is your first time ever writing a compare and contrast essay. Of course professors will use certain words to indicate that they want you to write a compare and contrast essay. Of course theyll be using words like compare contrast. Youll also look for words like similarities and differences. These words make it easy to recognize that you are going to be writing a compare and contrast essay. Now sometimes the requirement is just that the professor wants you to do a compare essay. Other times they will want you to do a compare and contrast essay. Make sure to pay close attention to the assignment requirements before you begin. There are times that you might use the compare and contrast technique on your own when it isnt a requirement of an essay. For example you might write some similarities and diffe rences down about two different novels. This might help to inspire you for ideas for an argument that you want to make about a specific topic. Cath Anne: [00:04:05] One technique that you can use that is super effective for writing a compare and contrast essay is to create a Venn diagram. To make a Venn diagram simply draw two overlapping circles one to represent each topic or idea that you are discussing. In the central component where the circles overlap this is where youre going to write the things that each topic has in common. Now assign a topic to each one of the other circles. In these circles you will write the things that make the two topics different. This is a simple visual representation of a compare and contrast essay. As you generate points of comparison, consider the focus of the assignment and youll also want to consider the rest of the content that youre learning in that specific course. Ask yourself if what youre writing or your argument aligns with the rest of the course material. Ask yourself what does your professor want you to learn by completing this comparison and contrast. Does what your thinking align with the rest of the material that youve learned in the class thus far? Are there any clues about what to focus on in the assignment itself? Now, here are some general questions you might want to consider about different topic that might come up in a compare and contrast type of assignment. This is by no means a definitive list. It is simply an idea of what you might expect in a compare and contrast essay. Cath Anne: [00:05:43] First you might be asked to compare two historical points in time. What do they have in common? When did they occur? What types of events were they? Who was involved? You might compare and contrast two particular theories. What were they about? Did they occur at a certain point in time? Who wrote the theories? You might be asked to compare two pieces of art or two forms of writing. You might ask what mood did they convey? What was the form of the writing or the art? Who wrote them? Who created them? What is their title? You might also be asked to compare and contrast to different people. Who were they? When were they born? What was significant about them? What was their age gender race or religion? Cath Anne: [00:06:41] These are simply some ideas of types of questions you might ask yourself to generate some evidence for your compare and contrast essay. Now you dont ever want to forget your thesis when youre writing an essay. This is one of the most important parts of an essay and weve discussed it in length on our channel. We have a variety of videos that you can check out and we will link one right up here just for you. So when youre writing your compare and contrast essay, you want to make sure that you have a very strong thesis. This is going to act as your roadmap for your reader and for you so you dont get lost in the shuffle. While you are trying to generate many points for you compare and contrast essay remember your thesis should be specific and to the point. It should tell you and your reader what to expect. And youre making an argument or an opinion about something in particular. Make sure your thesis is not too broad. Keep it specific. Cath Anne: [00:07:52] Now there are many many different ways to write a compare and contrast essay. Lets talk about the most popular one. The point by point method. Lets break it down. In the point by point method you are going to make two different points after you write your introduction including your thesis statement. First you will create your first point. Point number one you will discuss Topic A in relation to that point. Then you will create a second point. Point Number 1 where you discuss Topic B and how it relates to that point. Then you will compare and contrast. You will discuss how Topic A and Topic B relate to that first point. Youll then do this again youll make a second point or point two. Cath Anne: [00:08:44] Discuss topic A. Then point two again and discuss Topic B. Youll then compare and contrast Topic A and Topic B and how they both relate to your second point. Youll continue this throughout the course of your essay, making various points and comparing and contrasting how Topic A and Topic B relate to those specific points. You can do this as many times as you want throughout your essay. However a general rule of thumb is to keep your essay narrow and focus on three specific points. Point One, Point Two, Point Three, then compare and contrast. Cath Anne: [00:09:29] OK guys that is it for this video. I hope this video was of benefit and that it was helpful to you. Now if you do need any help with your comparing contrast essays make sure to connect with us here at Homework Help Global. We offer a variety of services from editing to ghost writing if that is something that you need and wed been more than happy to help you out with all of your comparing and contrast needs. Cath Anne: [00:09:58] Well link all of our information in the description box below so you can connect with us if you need to. Cath Anne: [00:10:05] OK guys. That is it for me this week. As always we absolutely love to hear from you. Jump into the comments section below and let me know if this was helpful. Let me know if theres anything else youd like to know about compare and contrast essays or if you decide to use the Venn diagram in the process of writing your compare and contrast essay. And of course if you liked this video and found it helpful make sure to give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our channel. As always you can connect with us on social media. Were on Instagram, Facebook, YouTube of course. We have our student influencers podcast on Anchor, Apple iTunes, as well as Spotify. All of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. OK guys thanks again so much for connecting with me. Cant wait to see you again soon. Talk soon and take care. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay EP 67: How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay EP 67: How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay Writing a compare and contrast essay can be confusing if you dont know how to begin. In Episode 67, join Cath Anne as she breaks down the steps on how to write a compare and contrast essay, one of the most popular essay assignments. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Are you having a tough time beginning your compare and contrast essay? Let us help. Today we are going to a break down the various components of a compare and contrast essay, one of the most popular essays that you will see in college and university. Cath Anne: [00:00:20] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is the Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global. Here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Now before we jump into the content today I wanted to remind you guys that we are going live every Thursday at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Instagram. Weve been loving our Instagram lives and loving the opportunity to connect with you guys, people from all around the world. It has been super exciting. Weve been talking to people from Brazil, from Turkey, from India, here in Canada, and even in the USA. This has been such a wonderful process. And we want to keep connecting with you guys. So make sure that you join me every Thursday at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Instagram live and have a chance to have a quick chat with me. Weve been connecting with all kinds of people so make sure to join us for that. And just another little reminder before we do get started I would love if you guys could subscribe to our channel and also hit that notification bell. The notification bell is going to tell you when we upload a new content which is usually every Monday morning. So make sure that you dont miss out on any other amazing academic content to come. OK. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: [00:02:01] So throughout your career as a student you are going to encounter all different kinds of essays. And it is important to be familiar with all the different types of essays that are out there. The compare and contrast essay is one that is very popular in high school, in university and college, and it is definitely something that you want to know how to do. In the compare and contrast essay your focus is on comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences of themes, objects, books, ideas, and theories. These types of essays help you to think critically and they allow you to do an in-depth exploration and research into a specific topic. Cath Anne: [00:02:51] Now lets begin by discussing how to recognize a compare and contrast essay. It might seem a little bit obvious but I just wanted to break it down a just in case this is your first time ever writing a compare and contrast essay. Of course professors will use certain words to indicate that they want you to write a compare and contrast essay. Of course theyll be using words like compare contrast. Youll also look for words like similarities and differences. These words make it easy to recognize that you are going to be writing a compare and contrast essay. Now sometimes the requirement is just that the professor wants you to do a compare essay. Other times they will want you to do a compare and contrast essay. Make sure to pay close attention to the assignment requirements before you begin. There are times that you might use the compare and contrast technique on your own when it isnt a requirement of an essay. For example you might write some similarities and diffe rences down about two different novels. This might help to inspire you for ideas for an argument that you want to make about a specific topic. Cath Anne: [00:04:05] One technique that you can use that is super effective for writing a compare and contrast essay is to create a Venn diagram. To make a Venn diagram simply draw two overlapping circles one to represent each topic or idea that you are discussing. In the central component where the circles overlap this is where youre going to write the things that each topic has in common. Now assign a topic to each one of the other circles. In these circles you will write the things that make the two topics different. This is a simple visual representation of a compare and contrast essay. As you generate points of comparison, consider the focus of the assignment and youll also want to consider the rest of the content that youre learning in that specific course. Ask yourself if what youre writing or your argument aligns with the rest of the course material. Ask yourself what does your professor want you to learn by completing this comparison and contrast. Does what your thinking align with the rest of the material that youve learned in the class thus far? Are there any clues about what to focus on in the assignment itself? Now, here are some general questions you might want to consider about different topic that might come up in a compare and contrast type of assignment. This is by no means a definitive list. It is simply an idea of what you might expect in a compare and contrast essay. Cath Anne: [00:05:43] First you might be asked to compare two historical points in time. What do they have in common? When did they occur? What types of events were they? Who was involved? You might compare and contrast two particular theories. What were they about? Did they occur at a certain point in time? Who wrote the theories? You might be asked to compare two pieces of art or two forms of writing. You might ask what mood did they convey? What was the form of the writing or the art? Who wrote them? Who created them? What is their title? You might also be asked to compare and contrast to different people. Who were they? When were they born? What was significant about them? What was their age gender race or religion? Cath Anne: [00:06:41] These are simply some ideas of types of questions you might ask yourself to generate some evidence for your compare and contrast essay. Now you dont ever want to forget your thesis when youre writing an essay. This is one of the most important parts of an essay and weve discussed it in length on our channel. We have a variety of videos that you can check out and we will link one right up here just for you. So when youre writing your compare and contrast essay, you want to make sure that you have a very strong thesis. This is going to act as your roadmap for your reader and for you so you dont get lost in the shuffle. While you are trying to generate many points for you compare and contrast essay remember your thesis should be specific and to the point. It should tell you and your reader what to expect. And youre making an argument or an opinion about something in particular. Make sure your thesis is not too broad. Keep it specific. Cath Anne: [00:07:52] Now there are many many different ways to write a compare and contrast essay. Lets talk about the most popular one. The point by point method. Lets break it down. In the point by point method you are going to make two different points after you write your introduction including your thesis statement. First you will create your first point. Point number one you will discuss Topic A in relation to that point. Then you will create a second point. Point Number 1 where you discuss Topic B and how it relates to that point. Then you will compare and contrast. You will discuss how Topic A and Topic B relate to that first point. Youll then do this again youll make a second point or point two. Cath Anne: [00:08:44] Discuss topic A. Then point two again and discuss Topic B. Youll then compare and contrast Topic A and Topic B and how they both relate to your second point. Youll continue this throughout the course of your essay, making various points and comparing and contrasting how Topic A and Topic B relate to those specific points. You can do this as many times as you want throughout your essay. However a general rule of thumb is to keep your essay narrow and focus on three specific points. Point One, Point Two, Point Three, then compare and contrast. Cath Anne: [00:09:29] OK guys that is it for this video. I hope this video was of benefit and that it was helpful to you. Now if you do need any help with your comparing contrast essays make sure to connect with us here at Homework Help Global. We offer a variety of services from editing to ghost writing if that is something that you need and wed been more than happy to help you out with all of your comparing and contrast needs. Cath Anne: [00:09:58] Well link all of our information in the description box below so you can connect with us if you need to. Cath Anne: [00:10:05] OK guys. That is it for me this week. As always we absolutely love to hear from you. Jump into the comments section below and let me know if this was helpful. Let me know if theres anything else youd like to know about compare and contrast essays or if you decide to use the Venn diagram in the process of writing your compare and contrast essay. And of course if you liked this video and found it helpful make sure to give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our channel. As always you can connect with us on social media. Were on Instagram, Facebook, YouTube of course. We have our student influencers podcast on Anchor, Apple iTunes, as well as Spotify. All of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. OK guys thanks again so much for connecting with me. Cant wait to see you again soon. Talk soon and take care.

Medieval Childbirth and Baptism

The concept of childhood in the middle ages and the importance of the child in medieval society is not to be overlooked in history. It is fairly clear from the laws designed specifically for the care of children that childhood was recognized as a distinct phase of development and that, contrary to modern folklore, children were not treated as nor expected to behave as adults. Laws regarding the rights of orphans are among the pieces of evidence we have that children had value in society, as well. It is difficult to imagine that in a society where so much value was placed on children, and so much hope was invested in a couples ability to produce children, children would regularly suffer from a lack of attention or affection. Yet this is the charge that has often been made against medieval families. While there have been—and continue to be—cases of child abuse and neglect in western society, to take individual incidents as indicative of an entire culture would be an irresponsible approach to history. Instead, let us look at how society in general regarded the treatment of children. As we take a closer look at childbirth and baptism, well see that, in most families, children were warmly and happily welcomed into the medieval world. Childbirth in the Middle Ages Because the foremost reason for marriage at any level of medieval society was to produce children, the birth of a baby was usually a cause for joy. Yet there was also an element of anxiety. While the childbirth mortality rate is probably not as high as folklore would have it,   there was still a possibility of complications, including birth defects or a breech birth, as well as the death of mother or child or both. And even under the best of circumstances, there was no effective anesthetic to eradicate the pain. The lying-in room was almost exclusively the province of women; a male physician would only be called in when surgery was necessary.  Under ordinary circumstances, the mother—be she peasant, town-dweller, or noblewoman—would be attended by midwives. A midwife would usually have more than a decade of experience, and she would be accompanied by assistants whom she was training. In addition, female relatives and friends of the mother would frequently be present in the birthing room, offering support and good will, while the father was left outside with little more to do but pray for a safe delivery. The presence of so many bodies could raise the temperature of a room already made warm by the presence of a fire, which was used to heat water for bathing both mother and child. In the homes of the nobility, gentry, and wealthy townspeople, the birthing room would usually be freshly-swept and provided with clean rushes; the best coverlets were put on the bed and the place was turned out for display. Sources indicate that some mothers may have given birth in a sitting or squatting position.  To ease the pain and to hasten the process of childbirth, the midwife might rub the mothers belly with ointment. Birth was usually expected within 20 contractions; if it took longer, everyone in the household might try to help it along by opening cupboards and drawers, unlocking chests, untying knots, or even shooting an arrow into the air. All of these acts were symbolic of opening the womb. If all went well, the midwife would tie off and cut the umbilical cord and help the baby take its first breath, clearing its mouth and throat of any mucus. She would then bathe the child in warm water or, in more affluent homes, in milk or wine;  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹she might also use salt, olive oil, or rose petals. Trotula of Salerno, a 12th-century female physician, recommended washing the tongue with hot water to assure the child would speak properly.  It was not uncommon to rub honey on the palate to give the baby an appetite. The infant would then be swaddled snugly in linen strips so that his limbs might grow straight and strong, and laid in a cradle in a dark corner, where his eyes would be protected from bright light. It would soon be time for the next phase in his very young life: Baptism. Medieval Baptism The primary purpose of  baptism  was to wash away original sin and drive all evil from the newborn child. So important was this  sacrament  to the Catholic Church that the usual opposition to women performing sacerdotal duties was overcome for fear an infant might die unbaptized. Midwives were authorized to perform the rite if the child was unlikely to survive and there was no man nearby to do it. If the mother died in childbirth, the midwife was supposed to cut her open and extract the baby so that she could baptize it. Baptism had another significance: it welcomed a new Christian soul into the community. The rite conferred a name on the infant that would identify him throughout his life, however short it might be. The official ceremony in the church would establish lifelong ties to his godparents, who were not supposed to be related to their godchild through any blood or marriage link. Thus, from the very beginning of his life, the medieval child had a relationship to the community beyond that defined by kinship. The role of godparents was mainly spiritual: they were to teach their godchild his prayers and instruct him in faith and morals. The relationship was considered as close as a blood link, and marriage to ones godchild was prohibited.  Because godparents were expected to bestow gifts on their godchild, there was some temptation to designate many godparents, so the number had been limited by the Church to three: a godmother and two godfathers for a son; a godfather and two godmothers for a daughter. Great care was taken when selecting prospective godparents; they might be chosen from among the parents employers, guild members, friends, neighbors, or lay clergy. No one from a family that the parents hoped or planned to marry the child into would be asked. Generally, at least one of the godparents would be of a higher social status than the parent. A child was usually baptized on the day he was born. The mother would stay at home, not only to recuperate, but because the Church generally followed the Jewish custom of keeping women from holy places for several weeks after giving birth. The father would assemble the godparents, and together with the midwife they would all bring the child to the church. This procession would frequently include friends and relatives, and could be quite festive. The priest would meet the baptismal party at the church door. Here he would ask if the child had been baptized yet and whether it was a boy or a girl. Next he would bless the baby, put salt in its mouth to represent the reception of wisdom, and exorcise any demons. Then he would test the godparents knowledge of the prayers they were expected to teach the child: the  Pater Noster,  Credo, and  Ave Maria. Now the party entered the church and proceeded to the  baptismal font. The priest would anoint the child, immerse him in the font, and name him. One of the godparents would raise the baby up from the water and wrap him in a christening gown. The gown, or crysom, was made of white linen and might be decorated with seed pearls; less wealthy families might use a borrowed one. The last part of the ceremony took place at the altar, where the godparents made the profession of faith for the child. The participants would then all return to the parents house for a feast. The entire procedure of baptism mustnt have been a pleasant one for the newborn. Removed from the comfort of its home (not to mention its mothers breast) and carried out into the cold, cruel world, having salt shoved into its mouth, immersed in water that could be dangerously cold in winter -- all this must have been a jarring experience. But for the family, the godparents, friends, and even the community at large, the ceremony heralded the arrival of a new member of society. From the trappings that went with it, it was an occasion that appears to have been a welcome one. Sources: Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993). Gies, Frances, and Gies, Joseph,  Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages  (Harper Row, 1987). Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986).

Project Management Body Of Knowledge - 1656 Words

Brett Salathiel Z5077339 ZEIT8303 Project Management Body of Knowledge - Resource 1006 - Federation Square â€Å"Inside The Square.† Commissioned 01 May 2003 by ABC TV Documentaries Australian Broadcasting Corporation GPO Box 9994 Lecturer: Mr Greg Hammond 24/03/2015 Executive Summary This task examines the ABC case study â€Å"Inside The Square†. The primary objective of the report was to analyses the application of project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) in complex projects like the case study. The topic was researched through extensive sources including government bodies, course materials and other sources to provide the relevant information. In cases like Federation Square that is unique in nature given the vast amount of stakeholders and resources involved, there are high implications for failure that are met with heavy condemnation from the public. For this reason numerous methods are adopted to mitigate the ambiguous catastrophe that is present during a build of this magnitude. Secondly it was discovered that even though the project had failed monetarily and its formal release extended, the overall result was a success because the public expectations did not foresee the positive effect of what this unique project had to offer once it was completed. Finally, it is important to note that through extensive analysis it was concluded applying the body of knowledge to large-scale projects gives the project manager the necessary skills to copeShow MoreRelatedProject Management Body Of Knowledge1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The abbreviation PMBOK denotes to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. The PMBOK is a developing frame of information for the arena of project management. PMBOK is positioned on the Project Manager and the PMP Exam is an effort to measure the knowledge of a Project Manager. 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As stated on the website using the PRINCE 2 methodology a project â€Å"focuses on business justification, a defined organisation structure for the project team, product based planning approach, emphasis on dividing the project in the manageable to controllable stages and flexibility that can be applied at a level appropriate forRead MoreProject Management Body Of Knowledge Categories Essay1853 Words   |  8 Pages Project Management Analysis Report Introduction: Project Management Body of Knowledge categories: 1. Project Integration Management: This knowledge area is all about planning, monitoring, coordination and cooperation. If anything is affected in this area and it’s going to affect all the knowledge areas. It involves: †¢ Developing the project charter – It involves working with stakeholder to create the document that formally authorizes a project and provides directions on project’s objectivesRead MoreProject Management Body Of Knowledge Guide912 Words   |  4 Pagesadopt good practices into ongoing future projects. The Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide (PMBOK ®) – fifth edition (Project Management Insititute, 2013) will be used as the foundation of the findings. The author has since suggested Suare Enix to adapt the ISO 14000 certification and establish the Customer Social Responsibility assurance with the transparency report launched, tracking carbon footprint and emission among other key performance. Project managers are also advised to take stepsRead MoreProject Management Body Of Knowledge Industry Standards1576 Words   |  7 Pagesgiving me the opportunity to work with your organization and engage with the team of the software development project. As agreed, I have examined the strengths and weaknesses of the project and analyzed the main factors that contribute to the current state of project. My independent assessment of the project and practices related to it is based on the Project Management Body of Knowledge industry standard and is grounded in information that I have gathered from team members. The purpose of thisRead MoreProject Management Body Of Knowledge Is An American National Standard Institute ( Ansi ) Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesMethodology is a model which the managers employ in the design, implementation and achievement of their project objectives. It contains the guidelines required for managing a project. With the exceptional growth in technology, the present day projects are often large and complex involving a significant risk. So, a Project Management Methodology enables the delivery organization to handle these projects comprehensively, systematically and in an integrated manner, which results in strategic, tacticalRead MoreA Research Study On Project Management922 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Institute. (Partington, 1996) States that with the rapid transformation from bureaucratic and hierarchical structures to more flexible, organic and matrix organizations conferences, seminars and organizations proliferated on how to manage projects. The PMI (Project Management Institute) was founded in 1969 as a nonprofit organization with the sole objective to â€Å"foster recognition of the need for professionalism in project management; provide a forum for the free exchange of projectRead MoreThe Collins Class Submarine Project1344 Words   |  6 Pagesits time due to its software architecture. Deep Trouble addresses various issues that were faced during the design and development stages of the Collins Class project. This report will focus on the interrelationship between the three PMBOK knowledge areas of scope, procurement and quality management and the impact each had on the final project. The Collins Class submarine was prone to excessive noise signatures whilst travelling at speed and lacked the operational capability to enter conflict situations

Mgt Module 5 Free Essays

Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 1 Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications Learning objectives On successful completion of this module, you should be able to: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Define motivation and identify three key elements of motivations Identify early theories of motivation and evaluate their current use value Apply the predictions of self-determination theory to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards Compare and contrast goal-setting theory and management by objectives Contrast reinforcement theory and goal-setting theory Demonstrate how organisational justice is a refinement of equity theory Apply the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees Compare contemporary theories of motivations Show how motivation theories are culture bound Learning resources Text Robbins, SP, Judge, T, Millett, B Boyle, M 2011, Organisational behaviour, Chapter 7. Introduction to Module 5 Welcome to Module 5 of MGT1000. I give this module about a 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt Module 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 rating – the theory is heavier going. There are about 22 pages from the text. Also this module is about 7 pages long. There are no must do tasks but there is still an application exercise that can take up as much time as you want to invest in it. The application is a mini essay writing exercise. The mind map that follows illustrates where we are up to in the individual level of the course so far. In this module we will be discussing theories of motivation and their workplace applications. Motivation is a critical issue within workplaces today. It is not sufficient that employees simply turn up at work. Employers want highly productive and motivated employees. You already know that workplace productivity can be enhanced by ensuring a sound fit between employee personality and job requirements, between employer and employee values and  © University of Southern Queensland 2 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour between employee preferences and the culture and structure of the organisation. You will also realise from previous modules that in creating a motivating workplace it is employee perception of the workplace, rather than the reality of the workplace, that will influence employee performance. In this module you will learn ways that managers can make the workplace more motivating for employees. The most basic premise of this module is that motivation is not a trait like personality, but rather something that managers can encourage or discourage. Module 3 Attitudes and job satisfaction Module 4 Personality and values Module 5 Motivation Absenteeism †¢Job satisfaction †¢Turnover †¢Productivity †¢Organisational citizenship †¢Deviant workplace behaviour This first exercise will give you a chance to clarify your own (everyday) everyday experience of motivation. Learning activity 5. 1 Think of one thing you have been putting off doing. Perhaps you have a friend you have been meaning to contact; perhaps you have some task around the house you have not completed yet. Perhaps you have not been able to maintain your exercise program. Or perhaps you have had difficulty getting all your study completed. Think about these 2 questions 1. Why are you putting yourself under pressure to do this thing? 2. Why haven’t you done this thing yet?  © University of Southern Queensland Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 3 Learning activity 6. 1 de-brief I expect we all have things we have not done that we feel we should have done. So I assume no one had difficulty thinking of something they had put off. The following two definitions of motivation show considerable consistency and can be helpful in understanding your inability to do the task you nominated. We define motivation as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal’ (Robbins, Judge, Millett, Boyle 2011, p. 176) ‘Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. ’(Gordon, 1999 p. 534) Both definiti ons seem to regard persistence as essential to motivation. Perhaps you may have lacked the persistence or continuing effort required to complete the task? In addition the definitions refer to enthusiasm or intensity – both of which can be regarded as a measure of ‘how hard’ you were prepared to work (Robbins et al. 2011 p. 176). Perhaps this is where you had your difficulty? Finally, both definitions state there needs to be some kind of purpose – variously described as direction, a goal or a course of action – that is essential to motivation. It would appear because you could articulate what you were supposed to do then at least you did have a goal, even if it is yet to be achieved. The question remains ‘Why haven’t we done this thing if we still feel we need to do it? Perhaps one of the reasons you gave for not completing this task was that it simply was too hard. Indeed the text says no matter how motivated someone is, if they truly lack the ability to do a task then it is impossible for them to do it. So if you truly lack the ability required to do the task then perhaps you should stop trying to do this task. Similarly if one of the reasons you gave for not doing this task was a lack of time, again this may be a legitimate reason for not doing the task. Robbins et al. (2011, p. 176) view motivation as a series of processes. That is, if a person lacks opportunity (for example the required time to complete a task), it does not matter how motivated or how gifted they are they simply will not be able to do the task. But perhaps your task was within your ability arrange and you had the opportunity to do it. The question remains, ‘Why didn’t you do it? ’ The definitions listed above may provide some answers. While Robbins et al. (2011) make no comment on the origins of motivation, Gordon (1999 p. 534) however, refers to motivation as ‘forces either within or external to a person’. These internal and external forces are very important in understanding Herzberg’s theory and its later developments. These two factors (internal and external factors) are the two factors that give Herzberg’s two factor theory its name. Herzberg refers to these 1) external and 2) internal factors as 1) extrinsic or hygiene factors and 2) intrinsic factors or motivators respectively. These two factors are like the oil and petrol in your car. They are quite separate, but you need both to be at the right level for the car to work well. In a car you have a petrol gauge that indicates if your tank is full or empty. It indicates if you have petrol or no petrol. So Herzberg refers to his 2 factors in the same terms. For example if you have no motivators (like no petrol) this is referred to as a state of ‘no satisfaction’. If you have motivators (like a full tank of petrol) you have ‘satisfaction’. Interestingly, Herzberg does not regard satisfaction as the opposite of dissatisfaction. So let  © University of Southern Queensland 4 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour e confirm, a lack of satisfaction is referred to by Herzberg as being a state of ‘no satisfaction’ not a state of dissatisfaction. The jargon in this theory is a little confusing at first, but Herzberg is making an important point. When you understand that point the jargon is easy to understand. Again consider the reasons you gave for not acting and the reasons you gave for continuing to put pressure on yourself . According to Herzberg’s two factor theory (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 178–80) only intrinsic factors are truly motivating. Intrinsic factors amount to way the task makes you feel. For example, if you stated the job is too boring or not very enjoyable that is an example of a task that is simply not motivating. That is why you lacked motivation and ultimately did not complete the task – it was simply not an intrinsically rewarding task. According to Herzberg extrinsic or hygiene factors will never truly motivate you to complete a task (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 178–80). So even if for example, one of the reasons you gave to complete the task was that you would be paid to complete it, then although you may have found the payment acceptable, it could not actually motivate you to do the task. The pay could only ever be experienced by you as good pay or bad pay for the job involved. In either event the pay itself would not motivate you to do the job – only the job’s intrinsic qualities and opportunities can truly motivate. There are many critics of Herzberg’s theory and his original research methods (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 178)and also the other earlier theories of motivation. For example refer to Robbins et al. (2011, p. 177) for a critique of Maslow’s theory. The text provides an overview of contemporary theories of motivation that have a reasonable degree of research validity. These theories address employee motivation and include the Self-determination theory, Goal-setting theory, Self-efficacy theory, Reinforcement theory, Equity theory and Expectancy theory. These theories provide guidelines for managers about how to enhance workplace motivation in their employees. Self-efficacy theory, for instance, argues that ‘an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task’ (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 186) influences their performance. According to this theory, employees with low selfefficacy (self belief) will exert less effort when they receive negative feedback whereas employees with high self-efficacy will increase their effort (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 187-80). Managers who focus on increasing self-efficacy in employees by setting difficult goals for them and encouraging them to perform better, can expect increased employee performance. You can see that the goal-setting theory is also applicable here – setting specific and difficult goals and providing feedback can lead to higher performance (Robbins et al. 011, p. 184). You will also read this week about ‘Equity’ theory which takes quite a different view of what motivates or ‘de-motivates’ us. Equity theory’s basic tenant is that the perception of equitable reward (such as salary) is quite essential to motivation. Most simply stated if you as an employee feel you are relatively poorly treated – for example, poorly paid as compared with others – then your motivation will suffer. In your reading you will be exposed to the mechanism of the ‘comparable worth’ as a way to create rewards systems for jobs that create equity in the workplace. Finally, you will read about expectancy theory this week which takes another quite different view of motivation. Expectancy theory is all about the expectancies or in lay terms ‘expectations’ employees have about their work and its rewards. If an employee 1) does not expect (or believe) they have the ability to complete the job to the required standard and or 2) does not expect (or believe) that the organisation will recognise their work when it is completed to the required standard and or 2) does not expect (or believe) the reward the organisation offers is worthwhile, then the employee’s motivation will suffer. You will read  © University of Southern Queensland Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 5 how expectancy theory can be applied to the workplace through the use of flexible benefits that allow employees to work towards rewards they truly value. Learning objectives from the text ? ? Define motivation and identify three key elements of motivations – Read ‘Defining motivation’ page 176. Identify early theories of motivation and evaluate their current use value – Read ‘Early theories of motivation’ page 176 – 181, up to the end of ‘McClelland’s theory of needs’, page 181. Apply the predictions of self-determination theory to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards– Read ‘Contemporary theories of motivation’ page 181 – 3. Compare and contrast goal-setting theory and management by objectives – Read page 184 – 188, up to the end of ‘Self-efficacy theory’ on page 188. Contrast reinforcement theory and goal-setting theory – Read ‘Reinforcement theory’ page 188 – 9. Demonstrate how organisational justice is a refinement of equity theory – Read ‘Equity theory/organisational justice’ page 189 – 92. Apply the key tenets of expectancy theory to motivating employees – Read ‘Expectancy theory’ page 193 – 4 and ‘Flexible benefits; Developing a benefits package’ page 222. Compare contemporary theories of motivations – Read ‘Integrating contemporary theories of motivation’ page 194 – 5. Show how motivation theories are culture bound – Read ‘Global Implications’ page 196. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? We also suggest that you read Summary and Implications for Managers’ that provides you with a good summary of the theories covered in the readings. Application exercise This week’s application exercise is one I have used previously with students. You are asked to write a 5 paragraph essay titled ‘The day I hated my job more than I thought humanly possible’ or an essay titled ‘The day I loved my job more than I thought humanly possible’. In either case use Herzberg’s theory to explain why you hated or loved your job so much on that day. This is a quick exercise to get you thinking about 1) how to structure an essay and 2) how to apply theory to a case study. I have attached an example of an essay submitted by a previous student to help you. What follows are the quick tips on how to write a good OBM essay that were covered in module 2.  © University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour A good OBM essay has four main parts. ? ? You will always need a one paragraph introduction that states the overall theme of your essay and outlines the content of the essay. This will be the first paragraph of the essay. This will be followed by a series of paragraphs that present the real contents of your essay. This is sometimes referred to as the body of the essay. In this case this will only be 3 paragraphs. (You can have more if you really need them, but this is meant to be a short and sweet exercise to get the brain cells going – not a marathon). These will include the facts of your best or worst day at work and your references to Herzberg’s theory that explain the experience. Visit this webpage at the USQ Library and follow the clicks for information on how to cite sources in essays using the Harvard Referencing system . This will be followed by a one paragraph conclusion that restates the main theme of your paper, summarises the main points raised in the body of your paper and ends with a strong ‘concluding’ sentence This will be followed by a ‘List of references’. This is a list of the full bibliographical details or any source (for example text book or journal article) that you cite in the essay. I expect in this essay you would only list the text as a source. ? ? A good OBM essay also includes theory that has been applied to the case study. I suggest you use the three sentence formula listed below to apply theory to a case study. In each paragraph include: 1. One or two sentences containing a bite size piece of theory 2. Followed by one or two sentences containing a bite size piece of case study 3. Followed by a linking sentence – that explains how exactly the theory is linked to the case study. An example 1. Bite size piece of theory According to Herzberg jobs that afford opportunities for growth can potentially be a source of job satisfaction (Robbins et al. 2011, p. 179) 2. Bite size piece of case study I certainly ound my job at that time challenging in a positive way. I was involved in a short-term, cutting edge project aiming to develop a completely new range of client services. 3. Linking sentence. My involvement in the client services project gave me an excellent opportunity for professional growth. My positive experience of my job at that time was therefore highly consistent with Herzberg’s notion of a job with job satisfaction. The same material presented as a paragraph. According to Herzberg jobs that afford opportunities for growth can potentially be a source of job satisfaction (Robbins et al. 011, p. 179. ) I certainly found my job at that time challenging in a positive way. I was involved in a short-term, cutting edge project aiming to develop a completely new range of client services. My involvement in the  © University of Southern Queensland Module 5 – Individual level: motivation concepts and applications 7 client services project gave me an excellent opportunity for professional growth. My positive experience of my job at that time was therefore highly consistent with Herzberg’s notion of a job with job satisfaction. You may have to go through a few more drafts of the paragraph to get it saying exactly what you want it to, but that is the basic process. Finally, you may be wondering how to relate bits of theory to bits of case study. You might find a pen and paper tool like this one below useful. In the left hand column you will see the motivators and hygiene factors listed. (This is the theory you are expected to use in this essay). In the right column there is room for you to list the elements of your story that relate to these factors. You do not need to have an entry next to each piece of theory. The idea is that you would look at the completed grid and then decide what the pattern is. Did your job have lots of problems with the motivators? Were there additional problems with the hygiene factors? What was the overall pattern is the case study? This then becomes the theme of your essay. Motivators Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Case study elements Hygiene factors Company policy and administration Supervision Relationship with supervisor Work conditions Relationship with peers Personal life Relationship with subordinates Status Security Salary Case study elements  © University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT1000 – Organisational behaviour Summary This module has focussed on motivation as a process that managers need to understand in order to try to create motivating jobs and reward systems in the workplace. You have covered both earlier theories of motivation and contemporary theories. You have also had an opportunity to put pen to paper and attempt an essay in this course. Presentation 5. 1 Ch7_motivation Reference list Gordon, J 1999, Organizational behaviour: a diagnostic approach, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, NJ. Mann, S 2004, ‘People-work: emotion management, stress and coping’, British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 205–21, viewed 12 December, EBSCOhost database Academic Search Premier, item: AN13121438. McShane, S Von Glinow, M 2005, Organizational behaviour, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston. Robbins, SP, Judge, T, Millett, B Boyle, M 2011, Organisational behaviour, 6th edn, Pearson Education, French’s Forest. Gordon, J 1999, Organizational behaviour: a diagnostic approach, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.  © University of Southern Queensland How to cite Mgt Module 5, Essay examples

International Council for Small Business

Question: Discuss about the International Council for Small Business. Answer: Introduction: This report has been constructed to understand the significance of the emiratization of Abu Dhabi Municipality. The report has considered few facts such as objectives of the emiratization, viability of the process, what achievements the organization has achieved till now. Moreover, strength of the emiratization process has also been described in this report. Weak points that has affected the concept of emiratization has also been discussed here. Apart from that, a five year development plan has also been attached here so that upcoming planning of the Abu Dhabi municipality on economic and social approaches can be assessed. The main objective of this report is to make viable documentation that can be helpful to understand the overall event of the emiratization and its impact on the socio-economic condition of the Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi Municipality Emiratization strategy: UAE has taken a vision for the effective assimilation of the UAE nationals into the workforce market; this vision was taken a decade ago and eventually has become one of the main priority for the different governmental and private sector. The main focus is to create opportunities for sustainable employment for the nationals of the UAE and make them compatible to the competitive market. As mentioned before, the objective of the emiratization of the Abu Dhabi Municipality is to produce sustainable job opportunities so that the UAE nationals can enjoy the opportunity. The government has objectified this initiative to provide employment in an efficient and meaningful way for both the private and public sectors (Pinnington et al. 2013). As per the reports, number of highly educated people is increasing day by day; however, in comparison to the educated people the opportunity of secured and satisfactory jobs are less; the objective of this initiative is to disseminate quality education and organize effective programs on human resource development. UAE government has set a goal to improve the potentiality of the educational system to result in efficient human capital and make them ready as per the requirement of the job market. For the successful accomplishment of the planning of emitarization UAE municipality has taken the following steps like: Setting up of Human Resource Authorities: Human Resource Authoritie (HRA) was established in 2005 with the vision of development of a competent national workforce for the UAE nationals and provides them sustainable job opportunities. HRA has taken few initiatives towards the emiratisation such as it helps the jobseekers with different types of qualification and skill by providing career oriented services such as development of the skill and knowledge, career guidance programs, vocational trainings, occupational rehabilitation along with different specialized programs for the employment (Al-Waqfi and Forstenlechner 2014). Apart from that, HRA has also signed a MoU with the Turret Middle East to publish a monthly magazine that will depict on the emiratization issues of Abu Dhabi Municipality. For better understanding, the effective impact on different sectors can be followed: Emiratisation in the public sector: Public sector has involved almost 52% of the job opportunities in UAE. As UAE citizens are more attracted towards the public sector due to its prospectus job packages, job securities and shorter working hours, UAE municipality has subjected the public sector for the emiratization. For instance, Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority can be taken. Tourism industry provides employment opportunities for UAE jobseekers and it also presumes that the rate of employment can be increased with the upcoming years. It has also focused on the diverged initiatives to attract locals to work in this sector (Toledo 2013). The Abu Dhabi municipality has taken the agenda of creating as much as possible scope for the new job offers. In this regard, Abu Dhabi Municipality has also taken steps to work cooperatively with the Abu Dhabi Education Council, Abu Dhabi Retirement, pension and benefits funds and Directorate of Abu Dhabi Police. As education council has taken the approach of strategic plan for development o f the standard of higher education and equip the jobseekers with the appropriate qualification and skills. Moreover, directorate of Abu Dhabi police also attracts the high school students and graduates for various posts in civil and military department. Another important factor in this part is Abu Dhabi Municipality has also become successful to draw the female employees for the job in police department by breaking the male dominating perception. Emiratization in private sector: This is another concern of the Abu Dhabi M municipality to secure the employment of their citizens. Al-Jarwan and Omar (2015), mentioned that private sector is required to contribute as much as the public sector to avoid saturation in any particular industry. The human resource department of the Abu DhABI Municipality has taken the strategy of building a strong relationship with the human resource authority of the private companies so that they can be updated with the new openings and the recruitment planning of the private sectors. In private sector, banking sector is the largest sector that employs maximum employees from the UAE. There is an initiative taken to train and employ 215 UAE citizens who are searching for the job. The main aim behind the emiratization in Abu Dhabi Municipality is to develop the standard of the education, prepare the graduates or job seekers with proper training and career oriented education so that they can easily get acknowledged with the proper knowledge required for the professional attributes (Vassilopoulou et al. 2013). Moreover, creating new job opportunities an involving the private sectors so that maximum UAE national can be given job are another vision of the emiratization. This initiative of emiratization has become viable for the UAE nationals because the step has successfully opened a new dimension for the citizens of the UAE. The main problem was that most of the people here hold a certificate of higher education and job opportunities were less. Due to this initiative, students with higher educational qualification has now been getting options for satisfactory professions. Abu Dhabi Municipality has tied up with different entities to secure the job opportunity for their citizens. The approach of emiratization is viable for the current context because the country is lacking an appropriate job structure; moreover, due to a liberal immigration policy number of the foreign workers has been increased day by day making the job constraints for the nationals of the UAE (Daleure 2016). Emiratization in UAE was taken as the demand for local workforce was increasing and to reduce the dependency on the expatriates. The UAE government has taken several approache s to control the unemployment and create new positions for the citizens of the UAE; however, due to an ineffective and strong governmental intervention the approaches were not successful before. In such a context, the approach to nationalize the process of the employment to make the nation more economically strong is highly viable. Achievements to date: During the year of 2015, Abu Dhabi Municipality has almost achieved the 87% of the emiratization. This includes both the posted and non-posted along with the contracted emirati workers. The number of the emirati workers has reached up to 2058 against the 314 expatriates; making it total of 2372 (Abdusheikh 2012). According to report the emiratization rate of Abu Dhabi Municipalitys organizational structure is 94%. The number of emiratis is 2013 along with the 149 expatriate employees; thus, the total number of emiratis in organizational structure is 2152 employees (Abdusheikh 2012). Frok this data, it is clear that the Abu Dhabi Municipality possess high interest on the implementation of the policy for job succession, empowerment of the UAE nationals to hold the employment opportunities and make the jobseekers well equipped with the required knowledge through educating them public institutions so that the vision of the Abu Dhabi for emiratizaation can be achieved (Proctor 2016). Abu Dhabi Municipality has been progressing since last few years in terms of making proper opportunities for the nationals of the UAE. The municipality has taken the shot for the administrative and technical field. The municipality has provided the required training and education of different fields so that the graduates can be subjected to the plethora of opportunities; it has in turn helped to boost the emiratization level of the Abu Dhabi Municipality more (Shokry, Thabit and Al Mansoori 2016). The Municipality is looking for the strategic objectives to secure almost 95% job opportunities for the 95% of the emiratis out of total workforce in the municipality. Not only securing the job opportunity, the emitratization has also effected the feamale employment in the Abu Dhabi municipality. In the year of 2015, 127 females have been employed but the municipality and for the municipalitys organizational structure the number of the female employees have reached up to 129 (Daleure 2017). These females successfully regulate the administrative, technical and other leading activities of the municipality. As per the report, there are 7 females in the grade two, 18 in grade three, 39 in grade four, 13 in grade five, 39 in grade six and 13 in grade seven. The municipality aims to increase the number of female employees in the municipality by 35% for the total workforce (Daleure 2017). The total number of the female employees including posted, non-posted and contracted is 732, out of which 315 is the emirati and for the organizational structure the number of the emiratis is 724 (Daleure 2016); 34% out of them are emiratis. Moreover, three employees hav e also been recruited this year on the special needs making the total number of 18 for the special needs employees among the targeted 45. Human resource department has helped the Abu Dhabi Municipality to recruit more employees by creating new offices for the safety, health and environmental issues. Formation of these new jobs has created new 101 posts for jobseekers (Daleure 2017). On addition, the Abu Dhabi Municipalities has also adopted a new approach to create new job opportunities by creating a work team that works on the sub-centre projects that is monitored by the Municipality itself to increase the role of the municipality in the external affairs. Employees working in this provision can enjoy the facilities as same as offered by the head office of the municipality (Daleure 2017). The number of external municipal centres has reached the number of six; the municipality has taken this approach seriously to make all the service available to the citizens and create more job opportunities for the citizens of the UAE. Other entities of the Abu Dhabi Municipal organization such as National Infrastructure authority, Department of Economic Development have also looking forward to make more job opportunities to meet the vision of the emiratization. Emiratization has opened a new path of professional opportunities for the nationals of the UAE. emiratization has introduced a number of positive attribute that have made this initiative practical to the local workforce. Emiratization has provided the ray of hope to the uncountable students and jobseekers that have completed their graduates and other higher education nevertheless have been left with no appropriate and secure job (de Waal and Frijns 2016). Emiratization is important in current context of the Abu Dhabi due to the following reason- Provision of proper education: One of the main approaches of the emiratization is provision of the guidance to the jobseekers. Al Saiqal (2015), mentioned that it is highly required that the candidates must have the proper the knowledge on the particular industry and should be ready to face the challenges of the competitive market. To make the jobseekers practically acknowledged the Abu Dhabi Municipality has tied up with different entities (El-Temtamy, O'Neill and Midraj 2016); provision of the training and relevant job oriented education has helped emiratization to strong position in the socio-economic aspect of the Abu Dhabi. Creation of new and hidden opportunities: Due to the emiratization many ways have been explored by the Abu Dhabi Municipality to make the more place for the new joiners. Abu Dhabi Municipality has extended its service by creating new sub centres; a number of graduated students have been employed for this centres. Moreover, Abu Dhabi Municipality has also focused on the engineering and administrative sectors and suggested to employ more emiratis on these posts. Emiratiation has helped the Abu Dhabi municipality to search for the potential areas that can be helpful to disclose new job opportunities (Schiliro 2013). New governing bodies have been formed to ease the administrative process as well as to create new post for the graduate and other jobseekers. Lower the dependency on foreign workforce: It is one of the mottos behind the emiratization. Over dependency of the private sector on the foreign workforce has become a serious concern in Abu Dhabi (Schiliro 2013). Due to such situation, public sector has been facing the risk of saturation; on the other hand due to the flexible immigration regulation, foreign workforce has shared the place of the local workforce. Emiratization has announced few regulatory provisions that have helped to narrow the dependency of the foreign workforce. Private sectors are strictly instructed to follow the quota system for the local workforces. Moreover, training and guidance has helped the jobseekers approachable to the requirements of the private sectors. Encouragement for the female employment: It is highly appreciable approach that has been resulted by the emiratization. Emiratization has helped to suppress the male domination in the professional sector of Abu Dhabi (Kemp 2013). Females have been also invited to be the Emirati worker and join the different organizations. Females have been also encouraged to work in the higher positions of administration. Abu Dhabi Municipality has itself appointed many female employees for different positions. Therefore, it can be said that these approaches are responsible to make the emiartization realistic and practical approach for this generation and the upcoming generations of the Abu Dhabi. Though the emiratization has a number of positive aspects there are few concerns that have been criticized regarding the different dimensions of this approach. The barriers that have weakened the approach of emiratization are as follows: Environment for the labour market: As mentioned by, Bodolica and Spraggon (2014), notion of dual labour market is present in UAE. The UAE citizens are inclined to the public sector jobs as their expectation regarding the working policies and wage system is high. They often prefer to wait for the public sector jobs for years even after knowing even after knowing that it could take more time only to avoid the profit-oriented jobs of private sector. Due to this reason, citizens of UAE are majorly employed by the public sectors. As a result, the public sector is getting saturated and it has left no choice for the huge employment of future generation. Though the Abu Dhabi municipality has taken few steps to make the jobseekers and graduates viable for the job profiles of the private sector; the expectation and thinking of the UAE citizens has not stand up to the initiatives taken in emiritization. Moreover, issues with the foreign employees are also serious (Marchon and Toledo 2014). As t he expectation of the UAE citizens are high private companies ensure the fact that they only hire the foreigners in this sector; thus for the nationals it has become insecure to work in a private sector. Difference in cultural aspects: It is another high concern because the working culture in the private sector is totally different from that of the public sector; hence, people finds it incompatible to work in a working culture that requires more physical involvement, includes risk factors (Afiouni, Rul and Schuler 2014). On addition, there is another factor that involves complications over the presence of western culture in the management in private sector; this factor has also influenced the reaction of the jobseekers when it comes to the work for a private sector. Lack of competencies and skill of the local workers: Abu Dhabi Municipality has taken initiatives to make the graduates and jobseekers capable of facing competitive markets there is far to go. The local workers lack the proper working ethics also do not have the appropriate knowledge required for the professionalism; hence, the situation has turned tough for the local workforce to take the place of expatriates. Policy formation and implementation: To make the emiratization successful different policies have been formed as well as implemented across the different entities of the country. However, Forstenlechner et al. (2012), mentioned that implementation of the proposed provisions has created complications across different organizations and authorities. For example, National Bank of Dubai has criticized the approach of emiritization and the initiatives like quota system for the local workforce and restricting the work permits of the foreign employee etc. in their quarterly report they have mentioned that implementation of those strategies has no such holistic understanding and criticized the initiatives as the fragmented initiatives. Moreover, Spraggon and Bodolica (2014), mentioned that instructions of replacing the expatriate workers with the local workforce without investigating the fact whether the local graduates are capable and qualified enough to meet the requirement is impulsive. Hence, it can be said that the Abu Dhabi Municipality is required to revise their strategies and regulations to avoid any complications. Regulations must be implemented in such a way that does not hamper the productivity and the quality as well as can satisfy the demand of the nation. Five years strategic plan: Higher committee supervises the five year planning for the development and future planning of the emiratization where discussion on different measures takes place that can be adopted to make the initiative of the emiratization more successful across the country. Different officials from the different authorities from the statistical, financial, government and educational sector usually participate in the meeting and discuss on different issues on the economic and social concern. For the economic concerns, discussions should be drawn on the facts like developmental projects get completed within the next five years along with that in this meeting an important approach should be encouraged by the officials that contribution of the private sector must be increased than the present rate of contribution. On this regard, cooperation of the governmental entities should be discussed in the meeting. According to the report, factors that can act as the stimulator for the private sector to impro ve the rate of involvement in the emiratization will be listed and evaluated. Recommendation should be revised on challenges that can arise during the implementation of the factors. It must be investigated and proper steps should be taken to overcome those challenges. To look for the every possibility, the attendants of this meeting should take the matter of observing the small and medium sized enterprises so that new scope of employment can be found. On addition, focus should be given on the partnership between the public and private sector so that complications that the process of emiratization has been facing can be eradicated. As mentioned by, Hasan (2015), planning to obtain any strategic approach helps in conducting the assessment of the comprehensive regular fields that can be helpful to understand the graph of the economic development. Furthermore, it will also help to track the performance of the key sectors that are influential to achieve the goal of a planning. Five years planning should prioritize the fact of the integrity within the governmental organization so that maximum number of the job opportunities can be obtained. Not only this should the planning signify each sectors individual planning to understand the different criteria required to reach the goal of emiratization. Importance must be given on both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the economic sector and required to understand the present economic context of the nation comparison to the international business scenario (Modarress, Ansari and Lockwood 2013). To stand strong in the competitive market Abu Dhabi Municipality should give importance to the several industries like events and tourism industry, logistics and transportation, renewable sources and alternative energy, media, information and communication technology etc along with the traditional health financial and education industry. Five year planning can be helpful for the Abu Dhabi Municipality to keep the p ace with long term vision of the emiratization and to take appropriate approaches to meet the objectives of the emiratization. Conclusion: This report has intended to form a document on the emratization and its significance. Abu Dhabi municipality has taken an initiative to make the lifestyle of the UAE nationals better by providing them job opportunities and job security. Emiratization has helped the country to follow a path where the jobseekers can get the knowledge and proper education to enrich the professional expertise. Moreover, Abu Dhabi Municipality has also focused on the formation of new authorities so that more employment can be invited for these new entities. In this report, objectives of the emiratization have been described to understand the main features of this approach. Moreover, viability of this approach has been discussed in the context of present social and economic aspects. Successes, achieved by the Abu Dhabi Municipality have also been explained here. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses have also been discussed to understand the analytical approach of the emiratization. Another important part of this report is to establishment of the five years strategic plan for to know the future prospects of the emiratization. Hence, it can be said that this report has successfully fulfilled all the requirements needed to understand the major attributes of the emiratization. This report can be further reviewed while conducting the extensive research on this topic. Reference list: Abdusheikh, M., 2012.Emiratization: United Arab Emirates national workforce development program. Pepperdine University. Afiouni, F., Rul, H. and Schuler, R., 2014. HRM in the Middle East: toward a greater understanding.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(2), pp.133-143. Al Saiqal, N.Y., 2015, January. Entrepreneurial Intentions of UAE Youth: A Work In Progress. InICSB World Conference Proceedings(p. 1). International Council for Small business (ICSB). Al-Jarwan, A. and Omar, S., 2015, November. 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